https://openkm.realkm.com/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Coordinator&feedformat=atomOpenKM - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T09:21:17ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.35.1https://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Complex_systems&diff=221Topic:Complex systems2022-12-27T11:38:28Z<p>Coordinator: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to describe the features of complex systems and how they are distinguishable from other forms of system such as ordered, chaotic, and stochastic systems.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* understand the difference between deterministic and nondeterministic systems<br />
* define the characteristics of classes of deterministic and nondeterministic systems (ordered, chaotic, complex and stochastic)<br />
* describe the behaviours that result from the essential characteristics of complex systems<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
A '''complex system''' is a type of system that is composed of many interconnected elements that interact with each other. They:<br />
<br />
* are highly nonlinear (unpredictable) and self-organizing<br />
* possess an intricate level of organization and complexity<br />
* can adapt and evolve according to their environment<br />
<br />
By comparison:<br />
<br />
* Ordered systems are characterised by structured and predictable behavior, characterized by linear relationships and modeled using mathematical equations<br />
* Chaotic systems are characterised by being highly sensitive to initial conditions, determinism and nonlinearity (unpredictability)<br />
* Stochastic systems are characterized by randomness and lack of predictability, and are usually modeled using probability theory<br />
<br />
Complex systems spontaneously occur in many places including ecological, biological, and social systems.<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=The fact that complex systems are not random but also not completely ordered is of central importance ... it is a necessary condition for a complex system that it exhibit some kind of spontaneous order ... [They are] organized into a variety of levels of structure and properties that interact with the level above and below ... [exhibiting] causal regularities, and various kinds of symmetry, order and periodic behaviour. |sign=Ladyman, Lambert & Weisner|source=[https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-complex-system/ What is a complex system?]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Complex systems] maintain a recognizable form and activities over long periods of time, even though their constituent parts exist on time scales that are orders of magnitude less long lived ... [each] consists of a set of diverse actors who dynamically interact with one another awash in a sea of feedbacks.|sign=John H. Miller and Scott E. Page|source=[https://realkm.com/go/complex-adaptive-systems-an-introduction-to-computational-models-of-social-life/]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/introduction-to-complexity-what-are-complex-systems/ Introduction to Complexity: What are Complex Systems?] (Video)<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/an-introduction-to-complex-systems-science-and-its-applications/ An Introduction to Complex Systems Science and its Applications]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-complex-system/ Ladyman, Lambert & Weisner: What is a Complex System?]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/universal-resilience-patterns-in-complex-networks/ Universal resilience patterns in complex networks]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek Friedrich Hayek]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow Kenneth Arrow]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Boundaries_of_systems&diff=220Topic:Boundaries of systems2022-12-25T09:20:15Z<p>Coordinator: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to understanding how to effectively identify existing system boundaries, distinguish between autopoietic and allopoietic systems, and prerequisites to be met for meaningful establishment of new systems of any type.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* being able to define and identify autopoietic versus allopoietic systems<br />
* being able to describe a hierarchical ordering of systems<br />
* being able to describe how system boundaries can be variously described as artificial, hierarchical, and interpenetrating<br />
* distinguishing between and describing a system's function, products, and goal/purpose<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
'''Autopoietic systems''' are self-producing systems that maintain their own identity and boundaries through the production of their own components. Examples of autopoietic systems include living organisms, such as cells and organisms.<br />
<br />
By comparison '''allopoietic systems''' are systems that produce outputs which are not part of the system itself. Examples of allopoietic systems include factories, which produce goods that are not part of the factory itself.<br />
<br />
While system boundaries are always somewhat arbitrary, autopoietic systems can define their boundaries by examining their '''operational closure'''; that is, by identifying the components and processes necessary for the system to maintain its identity and function, and treating their extent as a system boundary. By contrast, examination of the presence or absence of '''interfaces''' that '''encapsulate''' some or all aspects of systems operations can be a useful heuristic for determining system boundaries of allopoietic systems.<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=Autopoietic [systems have] an autonomous and self-maintaining unity ... The product of an autopoietic organization is thus not different from the organization itself. A cell produces cell-forming molecules, an organism keeps renewing its defining organs, a social group "produces" group-maintaining individuals ... In contrast, an allopoietic [system] is different from the [system] itself, it does<br />
not produce the components and processes which would realize it as a distinct unity. Thus, allopoietic systems are not perceived as "living" and are usually referred to as mechanistic or contrived systems.|sign=Milan Zeleny|source=[https://realkm.com/go/zeleny-self-organization-of-living-systems-a-formal-model-of-autopoiesis/ Self-organization of living systems: A formal model of autopoiesis]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Complex] systems are open systems where the relationships amongst the components of the system are usually more important than the components themselves. Since there are also relationships with the environment, specifying clearly where a boundary could be, is not obvious. One way of dealing with the problem of boundaries is to introduce the notion of “operational closure” … an autopoietic system [is] regenerated through the interaction of its own products (components), and a boundary emerges as a result of the same constitutive processes … One should be careful, however, not to overemphasise the closure of the boundary. The boundary of a complex system is not clearly defined once it has “emerged”. Boundaries are simultaneously a function of the activity of the system itself, and a product of the strategy of description involved …<br />
|sign=Paul Cilliers|source=[https://realkm.com/go/boundaries-hierarchies-and-networks-in-complex-systems/ Boundaries, Hierarchies and Networks in Complex Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=The lesson of boundaries is hard even for systems thinkers to get. There is no single, legitimate boundary to draw around a system. We have to invent boundaries for clarity and sanity; and boundaries can produce problems when we forget that we’ve artificially created them.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=In the formation of new boundaries, signals influence the structure of new boundaries at least as often as boundaries influence the formation of new signals … <br />
<br />
[The] hierarchy of boundaries and signals [as determined by inputs, agents, and the patterns/motifs/tags they respond to] provides an adaptive process that is much more directed, and more plausible, than random variation.<br />
|sign=John H Holland|source=[https://realkm.com/go/signals-and-boundaries-building-blocks-for-complex-adaptive-systems/ Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Cognitive] systems ... are assumed to be capable of reducing the information flow from the environment into the system by modeling the environment. We shall call this "informational closure" ... [noting that unpredictable] events that nevertheless do affect the system [still] give rise to an information flow into the system.<br />
|sign=Bertschinger et al|source=[https://realkm.com/go/information-and-closure-in-systems-theory/ Information and closure in systems theory]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [[Understanding system boundaries | Why are system boundaries important?]]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/boundaries-hierarchies-and-networks-in-complex-systems/ Boundaries, Hierarchies and Networks in Complex Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/signals-and-boundaries-building-blocks-for-complex-adaptive-systems/ Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/information-and-closure-in-systems-theory/ Information and closure in systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cilliers Paul Cilliers]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/adaptive-computation-holland/ John H Holland]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Boundaries_of_systems&diff=219Topic:Boundaries of systems2022-12-23T00:38:09Z<p>Coordinator: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to understanding how to effectively identify existing system boundaries, distinguish between autopoietic and allopoietic systems, and prerequisites to be met for meaningful establishment of new systems of any type.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* being able to define and identify autopoietic versus allopoietic systems<br />
* being able to describe a hierarchical ordering of systems<br />
* being able to describe how system boundaries can be variously described as artificial, hierarchical, and interpenetrating<br />
* distinguishing between and describing a system's function, products, and goal/purpose<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
'''Autopoietic systems''' are self-producing systems that maintain their own identity and boundaries through the production of their own components. Examples of autopoietic systems include living organisms, such as cells and organisms.<br />
<br />
By comparison '''allopoietic systems''' are systems that produce outputs which are not part of the system itself. Examples of allopoietic systems include factories, which produce goods that are not part of the factory itself.<br />
<br />
While system boundaries are always somewhat arbitrary, autopoietic systems can define their boundaries by examining their '''operational closure'''; that is, by identifying the components and processes necessary for the system to maintain its identity and function, and treating their extent as a system boundary. Alternatively, considering the presence or absence of '''interfaces''' that '''encapsulate''' some or all aspects of systems operations is also a useful heuristic for determining system boundaries.<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=Autopoietic [systems have] an autonomous and self-maintaining unity ... The product of an autopoietic organization is thus not different from the organization itself. A cell produces cell-forming molecules, an organism keeps renewing its defining organs, a social group "produces" group-maintaining individuals ... In contrast, an allopoietic [system] is different from the [system] itself, it does<br />
not produce the components and processes which would realize it as a distinct unity. Thus, allopoietic systems are not perceived as "living" and are usually referred to as mechanistic or contrived systems.|sign=Milan Zeleny|source=[https://realkm.com/go/zeleny-self-organization-of-living-systems-a-formal-model-of-autopoiesis/ Self-organization of living systems: A formal model of autopoiesis]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Complex] systems are open systems where the relationships amongst the components of the system are usually more important than the components themselves. Since there are also relationships with the environment, specifying clearly where a boundary could be, is not obvious. One way of dealing with the problem of boundaries is to introduce the notion of “operational closure” … an autopoietic system [is] regenerated through the interaction of its own products (components), and a boundary emerges as a result of the same constitutive processes … One should be careful, however, not to overemphasise the closure of the boundary. The boundary of a complex system is not clearly defined once it has “emerged”. Boundaries are simultaneously a function of the activity of the system itself, and a product of the strategy of description involved …<br />
|sign=Paul Cilliers|source=[https://realkm.com/go/boundaries-hierarchies-and-networks-in-complex-systems/ Boundaries, Hierarchies and Networks in Complex Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=The lesson of boundaries is hard even for systems thinkers to get. There is no single, legitimate boundary to draw around a system. We have to invent boundaries for clarity and sanity; and boundaries can produce problems when we forget that we’ve artificially created them.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=In the formation of new boundaries, signals influence the structure of new boundaries at least as often as boundaries influence the formation of new signals … <br />
<br />
[The] hierarchy of boundaries and signals [as determined by inputs, agents, and the patterns/motifs/tags they respond to] provides an adaptive process that is much more directed, and more plausible, than random variation.<br />
|sign=John H Holland|source=[https://realkm.com/go/signals-and-boundaries-building-blocks-for-complex-adaptive-systems/ Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Cognitive] systems ... are assumed to be capable of reducing the information flow from the environment into the system by modeling the environment. We shall call this "informational closure" ... [noting that unpredictable] events that nevertheless do affect the system [still] give rise to an information flow into the system.<br />
|sign=Bertschinger et al|source=[https://realkm.com/go/information-and-closure-in-systems-theory/ Information and closure in systems theory]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [[Understanding system boundaries | Why are system boundaries important?]]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/boundaries-hierarchies-and-networks-in-complex-systems/ Boundaries, Hierarchies and Networks in Complex Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/signals-and-boundaries-building-blocks-for-complex-adaptive-systems/ Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/information-and-closure-in-systems-theory/ Information and closure in systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cilliers Paul Cilliers]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/adaptive-computation-holland/ John H Holland]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Boundaries_of_systems&diff=218Topic:Boundaries of systems2022-12-23T00:37:23Z<p>Coordinator: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to understanding how to effectively identify existing system boundaries, distinguish between autopoietic and allopoietic systems, and prerequisites to be met for meaningful establishment of new systems of any type.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* being able to define and identify autopoietic versus allopoietic systems<br />
* being able to describe a hierarchical ordering of systems<br />
* being able to describe how system boundaries can be variously described as artificial, hierarchical, and interpenetrating<br />
* distinguishing between and describing a system's function, products, and goal/purpose<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
'''Autopoietic systems''' are self-producing systems that maintain their own identity and boundaries through the production of their own components. Examples of autopoietic systems include living organisms, such as cells and organisms.<br />
<br />
By comparison '''allopoietic systems''' are systems that produce outputs which are not part of the system itself. Examples of allopoietic systems include factories, which produce goods that are not part of the factory itself.<br />
<br />
While system boundaries are always somewhat arbitrary, autopoietic systems can define their boundaries by examining their ''operational closure''; that is, by identifying the components are processes necessary for the system to maintain its identity and function, and treating this as the system boundary. Considering the presence or absence of interfaces that encapsulate some or all aspects of systems operations is also a useful heuristic for determining system boundaries.<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=Autopoietic [systems have] an autonomous and self-maintaining unity ... The product of an autopoietic organization is thus not different from the organization itself. A cell produces cell-forming molecules, an organism keeps renewing its defining organs, a social group "produces" group-maintaining individuals ... In contrast, an allopoietic [system] is different from the [system] itself, it does<br />
not produce the components and processes which would realize it as a distinct unity. Thus, allopoietic systems are not perceived as "living" and are usually referred to as mechanistic or contrived systems.|sign=Milan Zeleny|source=[https://realkm.com/go/zeleny-self-organization-of-living-systems-a-formal-model-of-autopoiesis/ Self-organization of living systems: A formal model of autopoiesis]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Complex] systems are open systems where the relationships amongst the components of the system are usually more important than the components themselves. Since there are also relationships with the environment, specifying clearly where a boundary could be, is not obvious. One way of dealing with the problem of boundaries is to introduce the notion of “operational closure” … an autopoietic system [is] regenerated through the interaction of its own products (components), and a boundary emerges as a result of the same constitutive processes … One should be careful, however, not to overemphasise the closure of the boundary. The boundary of a complex system is not clearly defined once it has “emerged”. Boundaries are simultaneously a function of the activity of the system itself, and a product of the strategy of description involved …<br />
|sign=Paul Cilliers|source=[https://realkm.com/go/boundaries-hierarchies-and-networks-in-complex-systems/ Boundaries, Hierarchies and Networks in Complex Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=The lesson of boundaries is hard even for systems thinkers to get. There is no single, legitimate boundary to draw around a system. We have to invent boundaries for clarity and sanity; and boundaries can produce problems when we forget that we’ve artificially created them.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=In the formation of new boundaries, signals influence the structure of new boundaries at least as often as boundaries influence the formation of new signals … <br />
<br />
[The] hierarchy of boundaries and signals [as determined by inputs, agents, and the patterns/motifs/tags they respond to] provides an adaptive process that is much more directed, and more plausible, than random variation.<br />
|sign=John H Holland|source=[https://realkm.com/go/signals-and-boundaries-building-blocks-for-complex-adaptive-systems/ Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Cognitive] systems ... are assumed to be capable of reducing the information flow from the environment into the system by modeling the environment. We shall call this "informational closure" ... [noting that unpredictable] events that nevertheless do affect the system [still] give rise to an information flow into the system.<br />
|sign=Bertschinger et al|source=[https://realkm.com/go/information-and-closure-in-systems-theory/ Information and closure in systems theory]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [[Understanding system boundaries | Why are system boundaries important?]]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/boundaries-hierarchies-and-networks-in-complex-systems/ Boundaries, Hierarchies and Networks in Complex Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/signals-and-boundaries-building-blocks-for-complex-adaptive-systems/ Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/information-and-closure-in-systems-theory/ Information and closure in systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cilliers Paul Cilliers]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/adaptive-computation-holland/ John H Holland]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Boundaries_of_systems&diff=217Topic:Boundaries of systems2022-12-23T00:36:58Z<p>Coordinator: /* Further Reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to understanding how to effectively identify existing system boundaries, distinguish between autopoietic and allopoietic systems, and prerequisites to be met for meaningful establishment of new systems of any type.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* being able to define and identify autopoietic versus allopoietic systems<br />
* being able to describe a hierarchical ordering of systems<br />
* being able to describe how system boundaries can be variously described as artificial, hierarchical, and interpenetrating<br />
* distinguishing between and describing a system's function, products, and goal/purpose<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
'''Autopoietic systems''' are self-producing systems that maintain their own identity and boundaries through the production of their own components. Examples of autopoietic systems include living organisms, such as cells and organisms.<br />
<br />
By comparison '''allopoietic systems''' are systems that produce outputs which are not part of the system itself. Examples of allopoietic systems include factories, which produce goods that are not part of the factory itself.<br />
<br />
While system boundaries are always somewhat arbitrary, autopoietic systems can defined their boundary by their ''operational closure''; that is, by identifying the components are processes necessary for the system to maintain its identity and function, and treating this as the system boundary. Considering the presence or absence of interfaces that encapsulate some or all aspects of systems operations is also a useful heuristic for determining system boundaries.<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=Autopoietic [systems have] an autonomous and self-maintaining unity ... The product of an autopoietic organization is thus not different from the organization itself. A cell produces cell-forming molecules, an organism keeps renewing its defining organs, a social group "produces" group-maintaining individuals ... In contrast, an allopoietic [system] is different from the [system] itself, it does<br />
not produce the components and processes which would realize it as a distinct unity. Thus, allopoietic systems are not perceived as "living" and are usually referred to as mechanistic or contrived systems.|sign=Milan Zeleny|source=[https://realkm.com/go/zeleny-self-organization-of-living-systems-a-formal-model-of-autopoiesis/ Self-organization of living systems: A formal model of autopoiesis]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Complex] systems are open systems where the relationships amongst the components of the system are usually more important than the components themselves. Since there are also relationships with the environment, specifying clearly where a boundary could be, is not obvious. One way of dealing with the problem of boundaries is to introduce the notion of “operational closure” … an autopoietic system [is] regenerated through the interaction of its own products (components), and a boundary emerges as a result of the same constitutive processes … One should be careful, however, not to overemphasise the closure of the boundary. The boundary of a complex system is not clearly defined once it has “emerged”. Boundaries are simultaneously a function of the activity of the system itself, and a product of the strategy of description involved …<br />
|sign=Paul Cilliers|source=[https://realkm.com/go/boundaries-hierarchies-and-networks-in-complex-systems/ Boundaries, Hierarchies and Networks in Complex Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=The lesson of boundaries is hard even for systems thinkers to get. There is no single, legitimate boundary to draw around a system. We have to invent boundaries for clarity and sanity; and boundaries can produce problems when we forget that we’ve artificially created them.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=In the formation of new boundaries, signals influence the structure of new boundaries at least as often as boundaries influence the formation of new signals … <br />
<br />
[The] hierarchy of boundaries and signals [as determined by inputs, agents, and the patterns/motifs/tags they respond to] provides an adaptive process that is much more directed, and more plausible, than random variation.<br />
|sign=John H Holland|source=[https://realkm.com/go/signals-and-boundaries-building-blocks-for-complex-adaptive-systems/ Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Cognitive] systems ... are assumed to be capable of reducing the information flow from the environment into the system by modeling the environment. We shall call this "informational closure" ... [noting that unpredictable] events that nevertheless do affect the system [still] give rise to an information flow into the system.<br />
|sign=Bertschinger et al|source=[https://realkm.com/go/information-and-closure-in-systems-theory/ Information and closure in systems theory]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [[Understanding system boundaries | Why are system boundaries important?]]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/boundaries-hierarchies-and-networks-in-complex-systems/ Boundaries, Hierarchies and Networks in Complex Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/signals-and-boundaries-building-blocks-for-complex-adaptive-systems/ Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/information-and-closure-in-systems-theory/ Information and closure in systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cilliers Paul Cilliers]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/adaptive-computation-holland/ John H Holland]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Boundaries_of_systems&diff=216Topic:Boundaries of systems2022-12-23T00:36:46Z<p>Coordinator: /* Key Concepts */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to understanding how to effectively identify existing system boundaries, distinguish between autopoietic and allopoietic systems, and prerequisites to be met for meaningful establishment of new systems of any type.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* being able to define and identify autopoietic versus allopoietic systems<br />
* being able to describe a hierarchical ordering of systems<br />
* being able to describe how system boundaries can be variously described as artificial, hierarchical, and interpenetrating<br />
* distinguishing between and describing a system's function, products, and goal/purpose<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
'''Autopoietic systems''' are self-producing systems that maintain their own identity and boundaries through the production of their own components. Examples of autopoietic systems include living organisms, such as cells and organisms.<br />
<br />
By comparison '''allopoietic systems''' are systems that produce outputs which are not part of the system itself. Examples of allopoietic systems include factories, which produce goods that are not part of the factory itself.<br />
<br />
While system boundaries are always somewhat arbitrary, autopoietic systems can defined their boundary by their ''operational closure''; that is, by identifying the components are processes necessary for the system to maintain its identity and function, and treating this as the system boundary. Considering the presence or absence of interfaces that encapsulate some or all aspects of systems operations is also a useful heuristic for determining system boundaries.<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=Autopoietic [systems have] an autonomous and self-maintaining unity ... The product of an autopoietic organization is thus not different from the organization itself. A cell produces cell-forming molecules, an organism keeps renewing its defining organs, a social group "produces" group-maintaining individuals ... In contrast, an allopoietic [system] is different from the [system] itself, it does<br />
not produce the components and processes which would realize it as a distinct unity. Thus, allopoietic systems are not perceived as "living" and are usually referred to as mechanistic or contrived systems.|sign=Milan Zeleny|source=[https://realkm.com/go/zeleny-self-organization-of-living-systems-a-formal-model-of-autopoiesis/ Self-organization of living systems: A formal model of autopoiesis]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Complex] systems are open systems where the relationships amongst the components of the system are usually more important than the components themselves. Since there are also relationships with the environment, specifying clearly where a boundary could be, is not obvious. One way of dealing with the problem of boundaries is to introduce the notion of “operational closure” … an autopoietic system [is] regenerated through the interaction of its own products (components), and a boundary emerges as a result of the same constitutive processes … One should be careful, however, not to overemphasise the closure of the boundary. The boundary of a complex system is not clearly defined once it has “emerged”. Boundaries are simultaneously a function of the activity of the system itself, and a product of the strategy of description involved …<br />
|sign=Paul Cilliers|source=[https://realkm.com/go/boundaries-hierarchies-and-networks-in-complex-systems/ Boundaries, Hierarchies and Networks in Complex Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=The lesson of boundaries is hard even for systems thinkers to get. There is no single, legitimate boundary to draw around a system. We have to invent boundaries for clarity and sanity; and boundaries can produce problems when we forget that we’ve artificially created them.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=In the formation of new boundaries, signals influence the structure of new boundaries at least as often as boundaries influence the formation of new signals … <br />
<br />
[The] hierarchy of boundaries and signals [as determined by inputs, agents, and the patterns/motifs/tags they respond to] provides an adaptive process that is much more directed, and more plausible, than random variation.<br />
|sign=John H Holland|source=[https://realkm.com/go/signals-and-boundaries-building-blocks-for-complex-adaptive-systems/ Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Cognitive] systems ... are assumed to be capable of reducing the information flow from the environment into the system by modeling the environment. We shall call this "informational closure" ... [noting that unpredictable] events that nevertheless do affect the system [still] give rise to an information flow into the system.<br />
|sign=Bertschinger et al|source=[https://realkm.com/go/information-and-closure-in-systems-theory/ Information and closure in systems theory]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [[Understanding system boundaries | Why are system boundaries important?]]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/boundaries-hierarchies-and-networks-in-complex-systems/ Boundaries, Hierarchies and Networks in Complex Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/signals-and-boundaries-building-blocks-for-complex-adaptive-systems/ Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/information-and-closure-in-systems-theory/ Information and closure in systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cilliers Paul Cilliers]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/adaptive-computation-holland/ John H Holland]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Domain:Core_Concepts&diff=215Domain:Core Concepts2022-12-23T00:22:50Z<p>Coordinator: /* Domain Themes */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This domain of study covers themes relating to the fundamental knowledge needed to describe and discuss complex systems. This is the foundation for all other Knowledge Management practice.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of themes within this domain are:<br />
* Understanding of the core concept of system complexity<br />
* Understanding the basic interaction loop of knowledge systems<br />
* Able to describe and diagnose systemic problem solving patterns in use<br />
* Able to describe and set organisational knowledge management objectives<br />
* Understanding of types of KM interventions, and structures for implementing KM interventions<br />
* Knowledge of examples of KM interventions and how to evaluate their success<br />
<br />
== Domain themes ==<br />
* [[Theme:Systems and Complexity|A.1 Systems and Complexity]]<br />
* [[Theme:Knowledge systems|A.2 Knowledge systems]]<br />
* [[Theme:Problem solving patterns|A.3 Problem solving patterns]]<br />
* [[Theme:KM objectives|A.4 Knowledge Management objectives]]<br />
* [[Theme:KM interventions|A.5 Knowledge Management interventions]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]]<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
<br />
== Index ==<br />
<categorytree hideroot=on mode=pages>Core Concepts</categorytree><br />
</noinclude></div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Theme:Systems_and_Complexity&diff=214Theme:Systems and Complexity2022-12-23T00:22:36Z<p>Coordinator: /* Key Topics */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This theme provides learners with the fundamental knowledge needed to describe and discuss complex systems. This is the foundation for all other Knowledge Management practice.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this theme are:<br />
* Understanding of the concept of a system<br />
* Understanding of what makes a system 'complex', and behavioural characteristics of various types of complex systems <br />
* Able to recognise types of systems and describe system boundaries<br />
* Able to define agents present in a complex system<br />
* Able to define abstracted and encapsulated characteristics of systems<br />
<br />
== Key topics ==<br />
* [[Topic:Definition of systems|What is a system?]]<br />
* [[Topic:Open and closed Systems|‘Open’ and ‘closed’ systems]]<br />
* [[Topic:Boundaries of systems|Defining system boundaries]]<br />
* [[Topic:Complex systems|Complex systems]]<br />
* [[Topic:Types of complex systems|Types of complex systems]]<br />
* [[Topic:Comparison to non-complex systems|Are all systems complex?]]<br />
* [[Topic:Complex adaptive systems|Understanding complex system agents]]<br />
* [[Topic:Navigating complexity|Navigating complexity]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Definition_of_systems&diff=213Topic:Definition of systems2022-12-23T00:22:24Z<p>Coordinator: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can describe the fundamental attributes of systems using appropriate language.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* know the definition of a system<br />
* know key terms used in describing systems<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
A '''system''' is a group of interconnected elements that function as a whole. In general, a system can be described in terms of its inputs, outputs, processes, and feedback.<br />
<br />
* '''Inputs''' are the resources that a system receives from its environment. These can include raw materials, energy, information, or other types of resources.<br />
* '''Outputs''' are the products or services that a system produces. These can include physical products, energy, or information.<br />
* '''Processes''' are the activities that transform inputs into outputs. These can include chemical reactions, mechanical processes, or information processing.<br />
* '''Feedback''' is the information that a system receives from its environment about the results of its outputs. This information can be used to adjust the system's processes and improve its performance.<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=A system is a set of things—people, cells, molecules, or whatever—interconnected in such a way that they produce their own pattern of behavior over time. The system may be buffeted, constricted, triggered, or driven by outside forces. But the system’s response to these forces is characteristic of itself, and that response is seldom simple in the real world.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=A system must consist of three kinds of things: elements, interconnections, and a function or purpose.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=Although a system’s function is determined by its products, the goal or purpose of a human system depends on the worldviews of the actors and observers. One system can have many purposes, depending on the perspectives of the observers.|sign=Les Robinson|source=[https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-system/ What is a system?]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/introduction-to-systems-thinking/ Introduction to Systems Thinking]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-system/ What is a system?]<br />
* [[Summary of Systems Principles]]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/mechanisms-of-intelligence-ashbys-writings-on-cybernetics/ Mechanisms of Intelligence: Ashby's Writings on Cybernetics]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donella_Meadows Donella H Meadows]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby Ross Ashby]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Open_and_closed_Systems&diff=212Topic:Open and closed Systems2022-12-23T00:22:00Z<p>Coordinator: /* Further Reading */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge of artificial and natural ecosystems, hierarchies of environmental systems, and the difference between closed systems and open systems to understand and conduct experiments into optimum system operations.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* being able to describe the difference between a closed, open, and isolated systems<br />
* understanding the five environmental systems in ecological systems theory (microsystems, mesosystems, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystems) and how to describe a real-world systems environment using these concepts<br />
* being able to describe ecological scales and control levels (microcosms, mesocosms and macrocosms)<br />
* being able to describe an experiment using a microcosm or mesocosm that can usefully test a hypothesis about proposed systems changes<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
Systems can be described as operating in one of three primary modes:<br />
<br />
* '''Open systems''' exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Most systems are open, including ecosystems.<br />
* '''Closed systems''' exchange energy but not matter. Closed systems are extremely rare in nature. No natural closed systems exist on Earth but the planet itself can be thought of as an “almost” closed system.<br />
* An '''isolated system''' exchanges neither matter nor energy.<br />
<br />
Systems are almost always open, nested and overlapping. Several frameworks have been proposed to examine and generate hypotheses of behaviours arising from the bi-directional influences across these levels of systems. For example:<br />
<br />
* Bronfenbrenner [https://realkm.com/go/types-of-system/ Ecological systems theory] (later the bioecological model) examines individuals' relationships within communities and the wider society using a set of nested systems<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/panarchy/ Panarchy] provides a model for systems evolution over time by describing a nesting of systems whereby smaller, faster levels invent and experiment while the larger levels stabilise and conserve accumulated memory<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=Most systems are open, including ecosystems. In forest ecosystems plants fix energy from light entering the system during photosynthesis. Nitrogen is fixed by soil bacteria. Herbivores that live within the forest canopy may graze in adjacent ecosystems such as a grassland, but when they return they enrich the soil with feces. After a forest fire top soil may be removed by wind and rain. Mineral nutrients are dissolved out of the soil and transported in ground water to streams and rivers ... Closed systems are extremely rare in nature. No natural closed systems exist on Earth but the planet itself can be thought of as an “almost” closed system.|sign=Nigel Gardner|source=[https://realkm.com/go/types-of-system/ Types of System]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=The panarchy framework connects adaptive cycles in a nested hierarchy. There are potentially multiple connections between phases of the adaptive cycle at one level and phases at another level. Two significant connections are labeled 'revolt' and 'remember'. The smaller, faster, nested levels invent, experiment and test, while the larger, slower levels stabilize and conserve accumulated memory of system dynamics. In this way, the slower and larger levels set the conditions within which faster and smaller ones function ... the dynamic of each level which is organized in the four phase cycle of birth, growth and maturation, death and renewal. That cycle is the engine that periodically generates the variability and novelty upon which experimentation depends ... The adaptive cycle explicitly introduces mutations and rearrangements as a periodic process within each hierarchical level in a way that partially isolates the resulting experiments, reducing the risk to the integrity of the whole structure.|sign=Resilience Alliance|source=[https://realkm.com/go/panarchy/ Panarchy]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/types-of-system/ Types of systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/ecological-systems-theory/ Ecological systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/the-ecology-of-human-development/ The Ecology of Human Development]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/ecological-systems-theory/ Ecological systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urie_Bronfenbrenner Urie Bronfenbrenner]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Open_and_closed_Systems&diff=211Topic:Open and closed Systems2022-12-23T00:21:44Z<p>Coordinator: /* Key Concepts */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge of artificial and natural ecosystems, hierarchies of environmental systems, and the difference between closed systems and open systems to understand and conduct experiments into optimum system operations.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* being able to describe the difference between a closed, open, and isolated systems<br />
* understanding the five environmental systems in ecological systems theory (microsystems, mesosystems, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystems) and how to describe a real-world systems environment using these concepts<br />
* being able to describe ecological scales and control levels (microcosms, mesocosms and macrocosms)<br />
* being able to describe an experiment using a microcosm or mesocosm that can usefully test a hypothesis about proposed systems changes<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
Systems can be described as operating in one of three primary modes:<br />
<br />
* '''Open systems''' exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Most systems are open, including ecosystems.<br />
* '''Closed systems''' exchange energy but not matter. Closed systems are extremely rare in nature. No natural closed systems exist on Earth but the planet itself can be thought of as an “almost” closed system.<br />
* An '''isolated system''' exchanges neither matter nor energy.<br />
<br />
Systems are almost always open, nested and overlapping. Several frameworks have been proposed to examine and generate hypotheses of behaviours arising from the bi-directional influences across these levels of systems. For example:<br />
<br />
* Bronfenbrenner [https://realkm.com/go/types-of-system/ Ecological systems theory] (later the bioecological model) examines individuals' relationships within communities and the wider society using a set of nested systems<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/panarchy/ Panarchy] provides a model for systems evolution over time by describing a nesting of systems whereby smaller, faster levels invent and experiment while the larger levels stabilise and conserve accumulated memory<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=Most systems are open, including ecosystems. In forest ecosystems plants fix energy from light entering the system during photosynthesis. Nitrogen is fixed by soil bacteria. Herbivores that live within the forest canopy may graze in adjacent ecosystems such as a grassland, but when they return they enrich the soil with feces. After a forest fire top soil may be removed by wind and rain. Mineral nutrients are dissolved out of the soil and transported in ground water to streams and rivers ... Closed systems are extremely rare in nature. No natural closed systems exist on Earth but the planet itself can be thought of as an “almost” closed system.|sign=Nigel Gardner|source=[https://realkm.com/go/types-of-system/ Types of System]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=The panarchy framework connects adaptive cycles in a nested hierarchy. There are potentially multiple connections between phases of the adaptive cycle at one level and phases at another level. Two significant connections are labeled 'revolt' and 'remember'. The smaller, faster, nested levels invent, experiment and test, while the larger, slower levels stabilize and conserve accumulated memory of system dynamics. In this way, the slower and larger levels set the conditions within which faster and smaller ones function ... the dynamic of each level which is organized in the four phase cycle of birth, growth and maturation, death and renewal. That cycle is the engine that periodically generates the variability and novelty upon which experimentation depends ... The adaptive cycle explicitly introduces mutations and rearrangements as a periodic process within each hierarchical level in a way that partially isolates the resulting experiments, reducing the risk to the integrity of the whole structure.|sign=Resilience Alliance|source=[https://realkm.com/go/panarchy/ Panarchy]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/types-of-system/ Types of systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/ecological-systems-theory/ Ecological systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/the-ecology-of-human-development/ The Ecology of Human Development]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/ecological-systems-theory/ Ecological systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urie_Bronfenbrenner Urie Bronfenbrenner]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Definition_of_systems&diff=210Topic:Definition of systems2022-12-22T23:39:45Z<p>Coordinator: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can describe the fundamental attributes of systems using appropriate language.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* know the definition of a system<br />
* know key terms used in describing systems<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
A '''system''' is a group of interconnected elements that function as a whole. In general, a system can be described in terms of its inputs, outputs, processes, and feedback.<br />
<br />
* '''Inputs''' are the resources that a system receives from its environment. These can include raw materials, energy, information, or other types of resources.<br />
* '''Outputs''' are the products or services that a system produces. These can include physical products, energy, or information.<br />
* '''Processes''' are the activities that transform inputs into outputs. These can include chemical reactions, mechanical processes, or information processing.<br />
* '''Feedback''' is the information that a system receives from its environment about the results of its outputs. This information can be used to adjust the system's processes and improve its performance.<br />
<br />
== Key Concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=A system is a set of things—people, cells, molecules, or whatever—interconnected in such a way that they produce their own pattern of behavior over time. The system may be buffeted, constricted, triggered, or driven by outside forces. But the system’s response to these forces is characteristic of itself, and that response is seldom simple in the real world.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=A system must consist of three kinds of things: elements, interconnections, and a function or purpose.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=Although a system’s function is determined by its products, the goal or purpose of a human system depends on the worldviews of the actors and observers. One system can have many purposes, depending on the perspectives of the observers.|sign=Les Robinson|source=[https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-system/ What is a system?]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/introduction-to-systems-thinking/ Introduction to Systems Thinking]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-system/ What is a system?]<br />
* [[Summary of Systems Principles]]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/mechanisms-of-intelligence-ashbys-writings-on-cybernetics/ Mechanisms of Intelligence: Ashby's Writings on Cybernetics]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donella_Meadows Donella H Meadows]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby Ross Ashby]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Definition_of_systems&diff=209Topic:Definition of systems2022-12-22T23:39:23Z<p>Coordinator: /* Competencies */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can describe the fundamental attributes of systems using appropriate language.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* know the definition of a system<br />
* know key terms used in describing systems<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
A '''system''' is a group of interconnected elements or 'components' that function as a whole. In general, a system can be described in terms of its inputs, outputs, processes, and feedback.<br />
<br />
* '''Inputs''' are the resources that a system receives from its environment. These can include raw materials, energy, information, or other types of resources.<br />
* '''Outputs''' are the products or services that a system produces. These can include physical products, energy, or information.<br />
* '''Processes''' are the activities that transform inputs into outputs. These can include chemical reactions, mechanical processes, or information processing.<br />
* '''Feedback''' is the information that a system receives from its environment about the results of its outputs. This information can be used to adjust the system's processes and improve its performance.<br />
<br />
== Key Concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=A system is a set of things—people, cells, molecules, or whatever—interconnected in such a way that they produce their own pattern of behavior over time. The system may be buffeted, constricted, triggered, or driven by outside forces. But the system’s response to these forces is characteristic of itself, and that response is seldom simple in the real world.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=A system must consist of three kinds of things: elements, interconnections, and a function or purpose.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=Although a system’s function is determined by its products, the goal or purpose of a human system depends on the worldviews of the actors and observers. One system can have many purposes, depending on the perspectives of the observers.|sign=Les Robinson|source=[https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-system/ What is a system?]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/introduction-to-systems-thinking/ Introduction to Systems Thinking]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-system/ What is a system?]<br />
* [[Summary of Systems Principles]]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/mechanisms-of-intelligence-ashbys-writings-on-cybernetics/ Mechanisms of Intelligence: Ashby's Writings on Cybernetics]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donella_Meadows Donella H Meadows]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby Ross Ashby]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Complex_systems&diff=208Topic:Complex systems2022-12-22T23:36:08Z<p>Coordinator: /* Key concepts */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to describe the features of complex systems and how they are distinguishable from other forms of system such as ordered, chaotic, and stochastic systems.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* understand the difference between deterministic and nondeterministic systems<br />
* define the characteristics of classes of deterministic and nondeterministic systems (ordered, chaotic, complex and stochastic)<br />
* describe the behaviours that result from the essential characteristics of complex systems<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
A '''complex system''' is a type of system that is composed of many interconnected elements that interact with each other. They:<br />
<br />
* are highly nonlinear (unpredictable) and self-organizing<br />
* possess an intricate level of organization and complexity<br />
* can adapt and evolve according to their environment<br />
<br />
By comparison:<br />
<br />
* Ordered systems are characterised by structured and predictable behavior, characterized by linear relationships and modeled using mathematical equations<br />
* Chaotic systems are characterised by highly unpredictable behavior and a lack of structure, and are usually modeled using nonlinear equations<br />
* Stochastic systems are characterized by randomness and lack of predictability, and are usually modeled using probability theory<br />
<br />
Complex systems spontaneously occur in many places including ecological, biological, and social systems.<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=The fact that complex systems are not random but also not completely ordered is of central importance ... it is a necessary condition for a complex system that it exhibit some kind of spontaneous order ... [They are] organized into a variety of levels of structure and properties that interact with the level above and below ... [exhibiting] causal regularities, and various kinds of symmetry, order and periodic behaviour. |sign=Ladyman, Lambert & Weisner|source=[https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-complex-system/ What is a complex system?]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=[Complex systems] maintain a recognizable form and activities over long periods of time, even though their constituent parts exist on time scales that are orders of magnitude less long lived ... [each] consists of a set of diverse actors who dynamically interact with one another awash in a sea of feedbacks.|sign=John H. Miller and Scott E. Page|source=[https://realkm.com/go/complex-adaptive-systems-an-introduction-to-computational-models-of-social-life/]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/introduction-to-complexity-what-are-complex-systems/ Introduction to Complexity: What are Complex Systems?] (Video)<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/an-introduction-to-complex-systems-science-and-its-applications/ An Introduction to Complex Systems Science and its Applications]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-complex-system/ Ladyman, Lambert & Weisner: What is a Complex System?]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/universal-resilience-patterns-in-complex-networks/ Universal resilience patterns in complex networks]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek Friedrich Hayek]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow Kenneth Arrow]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Complex_systems&diff=207Topic:Complex systems2022-12-22T23:30:17Z<p>Coordinator: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to describe the features of complex systems and how they are distinguishable from other forms of system such as ordered, chaotic, and stochastic systems.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* understand the difference between deterministic and nondeterministic systems<br />
* define the characteristics of classes of deterministic and nondeterministic systems (ordered, chaotic, complex and stochastic)<br />
* describe the behaviours that result from the essential characteristics of complex systems<br />
<br />
== Summary ==<br />
<br />
A '''complex system''' is a type of system that is composed of many interconnected elements that interact with each other. They:<br />
<br />
* are highly nonlinear (unpredictable) and self-organizing<br />
* possess an intricate level of organization and complexity<br />
* can adapt and evolve according to their environment<br />
<br />
By comparison:<br />
<br />
* Ordered systems are characterised by structured and predictable behavior, characterized by linear relationships and modeled using mathematical equations<br />
* Chaotic systems are characterised by highly unpredictable behavior and a lack of structure, and are usually modeled using nonlinear equations<br />
* Stochastic systems are characterized by randomness and lack of predictability, and are usually modeled using probability theory<br />
<br />
Complex systems spontaneously occur in many places including ecological, biological, and social systems.<br />
<br />
== Key concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=The fact that complex systems are not random but also not completely ordered is of central importance ... it is a necessary condition for a complex system that it exhibit some kind of spontaneous order ... [They are] organized into a variety of levels of structure and properties that interact with the level above and below ... [exhibiting] causal regularities, and various kinds of symmetry, order and periodic behaviour. |sign=Ladyman, Lambert & Weisner|source=[https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-complex-system/ What is a complex system?]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/introduction-to-complexity-what-are-complex-systems/ Introduction to Complexity: What are Complex Systems?] (Video)<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/an-introduction-to-complex-systems-science-and-its-applications/ An Introduction to Complex Systems Science and its Applications]<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-complex-system/ Ladyman, Lambert & Weisner: What is a Complex System?]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/universal-resilience-patterns-in-complex-networks/ Universal resilience patterns in complex networks]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek Friedrich Hayek]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow Kenneth Arrow]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Template:If&diff=206Template:If2021-03-30T09:49:10Z<p>Coordinator: Created page with "{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}p{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{1}}}|eq|1|2}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}p{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{2}}}|{{{3}}}|1|2}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}p{..."</p>
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<div>{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}p{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{1}}}|eq|1|2}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}p{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#ifeq:{{{2}}}|{{{3}}}|1|2}}|{{{4|}}}|{{{5|}}}}}|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}p{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if{{{1}}}:{{{2}}}|1|2}}|{{{3}}}|{{{4|}}}}}}}<noinclude><br />
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<hr />
<div>== Introduction ==<br />
<br />
''Knowledge Management'' (KM) is a management discipline that aims to sustainably improve the effectiveness of organisations and social systems through deliberate and planned systems interventions.<br />
<br />
It is a multidisciplinary management science, drawing from diverse fields including information theory, data sciences, librarianship, communications, marketing, psychology, biology, sociology, and management research.<br />
<br />
Many KM curriculums for both tertiary qualifications and private certifications only cover a small subset of the areas relevant to effective practice of knowledge management in organisations.<br />
<br />
The '''RealKM Open KM Syllabus''' is an initiative which attempts to systematically describe the themes and topics required for a fully-rounded education in knowledge management theory and practice.<br />
<br />
The goal is to provide a reference standard which can be used to:<br />
* compare the content of educational KM programs <br />
* create a common language for KM specialisations<br />
* assist KM practitioners to identify opportunities for personal improvement<br />
<br />
[[Licence]]<br />
<br />
If you have any questions or suggestions for improvement of the syllabus, please contact Stephen Bounds on [mailto:stephen@bounds.net.au stephen@bounds.net.au].<br />
<br />
== Domains and Themes ==<br />
<br />
* [[Domain:Core Concepts|A. Core concepts]]<br />
** [[Theme:Systems and Complexity|A.1. Systems and complexity]]<br />
** [[Theme:Knowledge systems|A.2. Knowledge systems]]<br />
** [[Theme:Problem solving patterns|A.3. Problem solving patterns]]<br />
** [[Theme:Knowledge Management objectives|A.4. Knowledge Management objectives]]<br />
** [[Theme:Knowledge Management interventions|A.5. Knowledge Management interventions]]<br />
<br />
* [[Domain:Organisational Knowledge Strategy|B. Organisational knowledge strategy]]<br />
** [[Theme:Knowledge application outcomes|B.1. Knowledge application outcomes]]<br />
** [[Theme:Knowledge construal assessment|B.2. Knowledge construal assessment]]<br />
** [[Theme:Trust assessment|B.3. Trust assessment]]<br />
** [[Theme:Systems awareness and design|B.4. Systems awareness and design]]<br />
** [[Theme:Strategy development|B.5. Strategy development]]<br />
<br />
* [[Domain:Knowledge assessment|C. Knowledge assessment]]<br />
** [[Theme:Knowledge audits and mapping|C.1. Knowledge audits and mapping]]<br />
** [[Theme:Decision making structures|C.2. Decision making structures]]<br />
** [[Theme:Capability design, implementation, and maintenance|C.3. Capability design, implementation, and maintenance]]<br />
** [[Theme:Training and development|C.4. Training and development]]<br />
<br />
* [[Domain:Systems interventions|D. Systems interventions]]<br />
** [[Theme:Systems management|D.1. Systems management]]<br />
** [[Theme:Knowledge processes|D.2. Knowledge processes]]<br />
** [[Theme:Information processes|D.3. Information processes]]<br />
** [[Theme:Business processes|D.4. Business processes]]<br />
<br />
* [[Domain:Applied Knowledge Management|E. Applied KM]]<br />
** [[Theme:Knowledge brokering|E.1. Knowledge brokering]]<br />
** [[Theme:Development and extension|E.2. Development and extension]]<br />
** [[Theme:Knowledge economy|E.3. Knowledge economy]]<br />
** [[Theme:Management decision making|E.4. Management decision making]]<br />
<br />
== KM role descriptors ==<br />
[[Knowledge Management role descriptions]]<br />
<br />
== More Resources ==<br />
<br />
* [https://kmeducationhub.de/knowledgemanagement-training-education-providers/ List of training and education providers (KMEdu Hub)]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Category:Systems_Interventions&diff=204Category:Systems Interventions2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 1 revision imported</p>
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<div>{{:Domain:Systems Interventions}}</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Category:Systems_and_Complexity&diff=202Category:Systems and Complexity2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 1 revision imported</p>
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<div>{{:Theme:Systems and Complexity}}</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Category:Organisational_Knowledge_Strategy&diff=200Category:Organisational Knowledge Strategy2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 2 revisions imported</p>
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<div>{{:Domain:Organisational Knowledge Strategy}}</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Category:Core_Concepts&diff=197Category:Core Concepts2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 3 revisions imported</p>
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<div></div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Template:Topic&diff=190Template:Topic2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 1 revision imported</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the **theme** area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to ... <br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* topic 1<br />
* topic 2<br />
* ..<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [http://realkm.com/go/abc Link to primer 1]<br />
* [http://realkm.com/go/abc Link to primer 2]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [http://realkm.com/go/abc Link to research paper 1]<br />
* [http://realkm.com/go/abc Link to research paper 2]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:_THEME_NAME_]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Template:Tmbox&diff=188Template:Tmbox2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 2 revisions imported</p>
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<div>{{#invoke:Message box|tmbox}}<noinclude><br />
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<div><includeonly><!--<br />
--><code><!--<br />
--><nowiki>{{</nowiki>{{#if:{{{subst|}}} |[[Help:Substitution|subst]]:}}<!--<br />
-->[[{{{LANG|}}}{{{SISTER|}}}{{ns:Template}}:{{{1|}}}|{{{1|}}}]]<!--<br />
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-->{{#if:{{{20|}}} |&#124;{{{20}}}}}<!--<br />
-->{{#if:{{{21|}}} |&#124;''...''}}<!--<br />
--><nowiki>}}</nowiki><!--<br />
--></code><!--<br />
--></includeonly><noinclude><br />
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<div>{{Documentation subpage}}<br />
{{Shared Template Warning}}<br />
<!-- Categories go at the bottom of this page and interwikis go in Wikidata. --><br />
<templatedata><br />
{<br />
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"example": "Tl",<br />
"type": "wiki-template-name",<br />
"required": true<br />
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}<br />
}<br />
</templatedata><br />
<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|sandbox||<br />
<!-- Categories go here and interwikis go in Wikidata. --><br />
[[Category:Internal link templates]]<br />
[[Category:Semantic markup templates]]<br />
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<div>&#123;&#123;[[Template:{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]&#125;&#125;<noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
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</noinclude></div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Template:Tick&diff=177Template:Tick2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 2 revisions imported</p>
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<div>[[File:OOjs UI icon check-constructive.svg|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|20}}px|alt=Yes|link=]]<!--template:tick--><noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
<templatedata><br />
{<br />
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<div>== Context ==<br />
This theme provides **theme description here**.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this theme are:<br />
* topic 1<br />
* topic 2<br />
* ..<br />
<br />
== Key Topics ==<br />
* [[Topic:topic 1|Topic 1 heading]]<br />
* [[Topic:topic 1|Topic 2 heading]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:_THEME_NAME_]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Template:Quote/doc&diff=172Template:Quote/doc2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 1 revision imported</p>
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<div>{{Documentation subpage}}<br />
<br />
{{For|linking a subject to a collection of quotes on [[Wikiquote]]|Template:Wikiquote}}<br />
<br />
== Usage ==<br />
<br />
{{tlx|Quote}} adds a [[block quotation]] to an article page.<br />
<br />
This is easier to type and more wiki-like than the equivalent [[HTML]] {{tag|blockquote}} tags, and has additional pre-formatted attribution and source parameters. <!-- THIS WORKAROUND FAILED; see talk page and its archives. New workaround provided hereafter. It also contains a workaround for [[Bugzilla:6200]], which means you don't need to type {{tag|p}} tags manually. --><br />
<br />
'''Note:''' Block quotes do not normally contain quotation marks. See [[MOS:QUOTE]].<br />
<br />
=== Synopsis ===<br />
<br />
;Unnamed (positional) parameters<br />
<code><nowiki>{{quote|phrase|person|source}}</nowiki></code><br />
This markup will fail if any parameter contains an equals sign (=).<br />
<br />
;Numbered (positional) parameters<br />
<code><nowiki>{{quote|1=phrase|2=person|3=source}}</nowiki></code><br />
<br />
;Named parameters<br />
<code><nowiki>{{quote|text=phrase|sign=person|source=source}}</nowiki></code><br />
<br />
=== Example ===<br />
<br />
;Wikitext:<br />
<code><nowiki>{{Quote|text=Cry "Havoc" and let slip the dogs of war.|sign=[[William Shakespeare]]|source=''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'', act III, scene I}}</nowiki></code><br />
<br />
;Result:<br />
{{Quote|text=Cry "Havoc" and let slip the dogs of war.|sign=[[William Shakespeare]]|source=''[[Julius Caesar (play)|Julius Caesar]]'', act III, scene I}}<br />
<br />
=== Restrictions ===<br />
<br />
If you do not provide quoted text, the template generates a parser error message, which will appear in red text in the rendered page.<br />
<br />
If any parameter's actual value contains an [[equals sign]] (=), you '''''must''''' use named parameters. (The equals sign gets interpreted as a named parameter otherwise.)<br />
<br />
If any parameter's actual value contains characters used for wiki markup syntax (such as [[vertical bar|pipe]], [[brackets]], single quotation marks, etc.), you may need to escape it. See [[Template:!]] and friends.<br />
<br />
Be wary of URLs which contain restricted characters. The equals sign is especially common.<br />
<br />
=== Multiple paragraphs ===<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote paragraphs}}<br />
<br />
== TemplateData ==<br />
{{TemplateDataHeader}}<br />
<templatedata>{<br />
"description": "Adds a block quotation.",<br />
"params": {<br />
"text": {<br />
"label": "text",<br />
"description": "The text to quote",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"required": false,<br />
"aliases": [ "1", "quote" ]<br />
},<br />
"sign": {<br />
"label": "sign",<br />
"description": "The person who is being quoted",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"required": false,<br />
"aliases": [ "2", "cite" ]<br />
},<br />
"source": {<br />
"label": "source",<br />
"description": "A source for the quote",<br />
"type": "string",<br />
"required": false,<br />
"aliases": [ "3" ]<br />
}<br />
}<br />
}</templatedata><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Quotation templates see also}}<br />
<br />
<includeonly><br />
<!-- ADD CATEGORIES AFTER THIS LINE --><br />
[[Category:Quotation templates|Quote]]<br />
[[Category:Semantic markup templates]]<br />
[[ar:قالب:اقتباس]]<br />
[[as:Template:Quote]]<br />
[[bg:Шаблон:Цитат]]<br />
[[ca:Plantilla:Citació]]<br />
[[cs:Šablona:Citace]]<br />
[[cy:Nodyn:Dyfyniad]]<br />
[[da:Skabelon:Citat]]<br />
[[de:Vorlage:Zitat]]<br />
[[dsb:Pśedłoga:Citat]]<br />
[[es:Plantilla:Cita]]<br />
[[eo:Ŝablono:Citaĵo]]<br />
[[eu:Txantiloi:Aipua]]<br />
[[fa:الگو:نقل قول]]<br />
[[fi:Malline:Cquote]]<br />
[[fr:modèle:citation]]<br />
[[gl:Modelo:Cita]]<br />
[[gu:ઢાંચો:ઉક્તિ]]<br />
[[he:Template:ציטוט]]<br />
[[hi:साँचा:Quote]]<br />
[[hsb:Předłoha:Citat]]<br />
[[hu:Sablon:Idézet]]<br />
[[hy:Կաղապար:Քաղվածք]]<br />
[[id:Templat:Quote]]<br />
[[is:Snið:Tilvitnun]]<br />
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[[ja:Template:Quote]]<br />
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[[ky:Калып:Цитата]]<br />
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[[no:Mal:Sitat]]<br />
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[[ro:Format:Cquote]]<br />
[[ru:Шаблон:Цитата]]<br />
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<div><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="Bug6200">{{{text|{{{quote|{{{1|<noinclude>{{lorem ipsum}}</noinclude><includeonly>{{error|Error: No text given for quotation (or equals sign used in the actual argument to an unnamed parameter)}}</includeonly>}}}}}}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{sign|{{{cite|{{{2|<noinclude>TRUE</noinclude>}}}}}}}}}<br />
|<div class="templatequotecite">&#8212;{{{sign|{{{cite|{{{2|<noinclude>[[Someone's full name|Someone]]</noinclude>}}}}}}}}}{{#if:{{{source|{{{3|<noinclude>TRUE</noinclude>}}}}}}<br />
|,&nbsp;<cite>{{{source|{{{3|<noinclude>Source</noinclude>}}}}}}</cite><br />
}}</div><br />
}}</blockquote><noinclude><br />
{{documentation}}<br />
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{{documentation}} <br />
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<div><noinclude><br />
<languages /><br />
</noinclude>{{#switch:<translate></translate><br />
| =<br />
{{Module other|{{ombox<br />
| type = notice<br />
| image = {{#switch: {{{1|}}}<br />
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| beta | b = [[File:OOjs UI icon bold-b.svg|40x40px|link=]]<br />
| release | r | general | g = [[File:OOjs UI icon check-constructive.svg|40x40px|link=]]<br />
| protected | protect | p = [[File:{{#if:{{CASCADINGSOURCES:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}|Cascade-protection-shackle.svg|{{#ifeq:{{PROTECTIONLEVEL:edit}}|sysop|Full-protection-shackle-red.svg|Semi-protection-shackle-no-text.svg}}}}|40x40px|link=]]<br />
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| #default = [[File:OOjs UI icon alert-destructive.svg|40x40px|link=]]<br />
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| pre-alpha | prealpha | pa = <translate><!--T:1--> This module is rated as [[<tvar|1>Special:MyLanguage/Category:Modules in pre-alpha development</>|pre-αlpha]].</translate> <translate><!--T:2--> It is unfinished, and may or may not be in active development.</translate> <translate><!--T:3--> It should not be used from article namespace pages.</translate> <translate><!--T:4--> Modules remain pre-αlpha until the original editor (or someone who takes one over if it is abandoned for some time) is satisfied with the basic structure.</translate><!--<br />
-->{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox=<!-- No category for /doc or /sandbox subpages --><br />
| {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|}}} | true | <!-- No category if user sets nocat=true --> | [[Category:Modules in pre-alpha development|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}<br />
}}<br />
| alpha | a = This module is rated as [[:Category:Modules in alpha|αlpha]]. It is ready for third party input, and may be used on a few pages to see if problems arise, but should be watched. Suggestions for new features or changes in their input and output mechanisms are welcome.<!--<br />
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| {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|}}} | true | <!-- No category if user sets nocat=true --> | [[Category:Modules in alpha|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}<br />
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| beta | b = This module is rated as [[:Category:Modules in beta|βeta]], and is ready for widespread use. It is still new and should be used with some caution to ensure the results are as expected.<!--<br />
-->{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox=<!-- No category for /doc or /sandbox subpages --><br />
| {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|}}} | true | <!-- No category if user sets nocat=true --> | [[Category:Modules in beta|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}<br />
}}<br />
| release | r | general | g = This module is rated as [[:Category:Modules for general use|ready for general use]]. It has reached a mature form and is thought to be bug-free and ready for use wherever appropriate. It is ready to mention on help pages and other Wikipedia resources as an option for new users to learn. To reduce server load and bad output, it should be improved by [[:en:WP:TESTCASES|sandbox testing]] rather than repeated trial-and-error editing.<!--<br />
-->{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}}|doc|sandbox=<!-- No category for /doc or /sandbox subpages --><br />
| {{#ifeq: {{{nocat|}}} | true | <!-- No category if user sets nocat=true --> | [[Category:Modules for general use|{{PAGENAME}}]] }}<br />
}}<br />
| protected | protect | p = This module is [[:Category:Modules subject to page protection|subject to {{#if:{{CASCADINGSOURCES:{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}|cascading|page}} protection]]. It is a highly visible module in use by a very large number of pages. Because vandalism or mistakes would affect many pages, and even trivial editing might cause substantial load on the servers, it is [[Project:Protected page|protected]] from editing.<!--<br />
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| #default = {{error|Module rating is invalid or not specified.}}<br />
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}}|{{error|Error: {{tl|Module rating}} must be placed in the Module namespace.}}|demospace={{{demospace|<noinclude>module</noinclude>}}}}}<br />
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<div>{{#invoke: Infobox | hello }}</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Template:Imbox&diff=156Template:Imbox2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 2 revisions imported</p>
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<div>{{#invoke:Message box|imbox}}<noinclude><br />
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{{documentation}}<br />
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</noinclude></div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Template:Glossary_templates_see_also&diff=153Template:Glossary templates see also2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 1 revision imported</p>
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<div><!--This is transcluded into all these templates' /doc pages to save time.--><br />
<div style="float:right; padding:0 1em;">{{navbar|Glossary templates see also|plain=y}}</div><br />
* {{tlx|glossary}} {{aka}} {{tlx|gloss}} – Half of a template pair; uses {{tag|dl|o}} with a class to open the structured glossary definition list that {{tnull|glossend}} closes.<br />
* {{tlx|glossary end}} a.k.a. {{tlx|glossend}} – The other half of this template pair; uses {{tag|dl|c}} to close the definition list that {{tnull|gloss}} opens.<br />
* {{tlx|term}} – The glossary term to which the {{tnull|defn}} definition applies; a customized {{tag|dt|o}} with a class and an embedded {{tag|dfn|o}}.<br />
* {{tlx|defn}} – The definition that applies to the {{tnull|term}}; uses {{tag|dd|o}} with a class<br />
* {{tlx|ghat}} – a hatnote template properly formatted for the top of a {{tnull|defn}} definition<br />
* {{tlx|gbq}} a.k.a. {{tlx|gquote}} – a block quotation template properly formatted for inclusion in a {{tnull|defn}} definition<br />
* {{tlx|glossary link}} – meta-template for creating shortcut templates for linking to definitions in specific glossaries<br />
* [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Glossaries]]<br />
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<div><table {{#if:{{{id|}}}|id="{{{id|}}}"}} class="plainlinks fmbox<br />
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| #default = <div style="text-align: center;">This message box is using an invalid "type={{{type|}}}" parameter and needs fixing.</div>[[Category:Wikipedia message box parameter needs fixing|{{main other|Main:}}{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]<!-- Sort on namespace --><br />
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<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --><br />
</noinclude></div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Template:Domain&diff=148Template:Domain2021-03-30T09:32:37Z<p>Coordinator: 2 revisions imported</p>
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<div>== Context ==<br />
This domain of study covers themes relating to **theme description here**.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
* topic 1<br />
* topic 2<br />
* ..<br />
<br />
== Domain Themes ==<br />
* [[Theme:theme 1|Theme 1 heading]]<br />
* [[Theme:theme 2|Theme 2 heading]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:_DOMAIN_NAME_]]<br />
<br />
<noinclude><br />
== Index ==<br />
<categorytree hideroot=on mode=pages>_DOMAIN_NAME_</categorytree><br />
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{{documentation}}<br />
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<div>{{#invoke:Message box|ambox}}<noinclude> <br />
{{ {{TNTN|documentation}} }} <br />
[[Category:Mbox templates{{#translation:}}]]<br />
</noinclude></div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Types_of_complex_systems&diff=134Topic:Types of complex systems2021-03-30T09:32:36Z<p>Coordinator: 4 revisions imported</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the **theme** area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to ... <br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* topic 1<br />
* topic 2<br />
* ..<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/a-simple-guide-to-chaos-and-complexity/ A simple guide to chaos and complexity]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/fifteen-aspects-of-complex-social-systems/ Fifteen aspects of complex social systems]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [http://realkm.com/go/abc Link to research paper 1]<br />
* [http://realkm.com/go/abc Link to research paper 2]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Theories_of_reasoning&diff=129Topic:Theories of reasoning2021-03-30T09:32:36Z<p>Coordinator: 2 revisions imported</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the knowledge processes area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to understand reasoning techniques, benefits and limits of each technique, and recognising reasoning techniques used in organisational context.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* topic 1<br />
* topic 2<br />
* ..<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_reasoning Logical Reasoning]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [http://realkm.com/go/abc Link to research paper 1]<br />
* [http://realkm.com/go/abc Link to research paper 2]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Knowledge Processes]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Open_and_closed_Systems&diff=126Topic:Open and closed Systems2021-03-30T09:32:36Z<p>Coordinator: 6 revisions imported</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge of artificial and natural ecosystems, hierarchies of environmental systems, and the difference between closed systems and open systems to understand and conduct experiments into optimum system operations.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* being able to describe the difference between a closed, open, and isolated systems<br />
* understanding the five environmental systems in ecological systems theory (microsystems, mesosystems, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystems) and how to describe a real-world systems environment using these concepts<br />
* being able to describe ecological scales and control levels (microcosms, mesocosms and macrocosms)<br />
* being able to describe an experiment using a microcosm or mesocosm that can usefully test a hypothesis about proposed systems changes<br />
<br />
== Key Concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=Open Systems exchange matter and energy with its surroundings. Most systems are open, including ecosystems.<br />
<br />
Closed Systems exchange energy but not matter. Closed systems are extremely rare in nature. No natural closed systems exist on Earth but the planet itself can be thought of as an “almost” closed system.<br />
<br />
An isolated system exchanges neither matter nor energy.|sign=Adapted from Nigel Gardner|source=[https://realkm.com/go/types-of-system/ Types of System]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=A microsystem refers to the most immediate and direct impacts on an individual (or any agent).<br />
<br />
A mesosystem consists of interconnections between microsystems.<br />
<br />
An exosystem involves links between agents that do not directly involve the individual or agent, but have an impact on the agent.<br />
<br />
A macrosystem incorporates the overarching culture that influences agents, microsystems, and mesosystems such as geographic location, power, and available resources. Individuals within the same macrosystem often perceive themselves as having a common identity, heritage, and values.<br />
<br />
A chronosystem includes patterns of environmental events and transitions over time.|sign=Adapted from Wikipedia description of ecological systems theory|source=[https://realkm.com/go/ecological-systems-theory/ Ecological systems theory]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/types-of-system/ Types of systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/ecological-systems-theory/ Ecological systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/the-ecology-of-human-development/ The Ecology of Human Development]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/ecological-systems-theory/ Ecological systems theory]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urie_Bronfenbrenner Urie Bronfenbrenner]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Knowledge_process_interventions&diff=119Topic:Knowledge process interventions2021-03-30T09:32:36Z<p>Coordinator: 3 revisions imported</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the Knowledge Processing area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to the analysis and optimising of knowledge processes in organisations. <br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* how to identify a knowledge process<br />
* how to select and apply a knowledge process intervention method<br />
* how to evaluate the short and long-term success of a knowledge intervention<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [http://kmci.org/alllifeisproblemsolving/archives/the-problem-solving-pattern-matters-part-three-the-psp-and-rabbit-organizations/ Rabbit organisations]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [http://www.dkms.com/papers/Doing_KM.pdf Doing Knowledge Management]<br />
* [https://www.amazon.com.au/Chasing-Rabbit-Outdistance-Competition-Christensen-ebook/dp/B0015DWJ8M Chasing the Rabbit by Steven J Spear]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* Joe Firestone<br />
* Dave Snowden<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Knowledge Processes]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Definition_of_systems&diff=115Topic:Definition of systems2021-03-30T09:32:36Z<p>Coordinator: 15 revisions imported</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can describe the fundamental attributes of systems using appropriate language.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* know the definition of a system<br />
* know key terms used in describing systems<br />
<br />
== Key Concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=A system is a set of things—people, cells, molecules, or whatever—interconnected in such a way that they produce their own pattern of behavior over time. The system may be buffeted, constricted, triggered, or driven by outside forces. But the system’s response to these forces is characteristic of itself, and that response is seldom simple in the real world.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=A system must consist of three kinds of things: elements, interconnections, and a function or purpose.|sign=Donella H Meadows|source=[http://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]}}<br />
<br />
{{quote|text=Although a system’s function is determined by its products, the goal or purpose of a human system depends on the worldviews of the actors and observers. One system can have many purposes, depending on the perspectives of the observers.|sign=Les Robinson|source=[https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-system/ What is a system?]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/introduction-to-systems-thinking/ Introduction to Systems Thinking]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-system/ What is a system?]<br />
* [[Summary of Systems Principles]]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/thinking-in-systems/ Thinking in Systems]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/mechanisms-of-intelligence-ashbys-writings-on-cybernetics/ Mechanisms of Intelligence: Ashby's Writings on Cybernetics]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donella_Meadows Donella H Meadows]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Ross_Ashby Ross Ashby]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Complex_systems&diff=99Topic:Complex systems2021-03-30T09:32:36Z<p>Coordinator: 4 revisions imported</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the systems and complexity area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to describe the features of complex systems and how they are distinguishable from other forms of system such as ordered, chaotic, and stochastic systems.<br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* understand the difference between deterministic and nondeterministic systems<br />
* define the characteristics of classes of deterministic and nondeterministic systems (ordered, chaotic, complex and stochastic)<br />
* describe the behaviours that result from the essential characteristics of complex systems<br />
<br />
== Key Concepts ==<br />
{{quote|text=The fact that complex systems are not random but also not completely ordered is of central importance ... it is a necessary condition for a complex system that it exhibit some kind of spontaneous order ... [They are] organized into a variety of levels of structure and properties that interact with the level above and below ... [exhibiting] causal regularities, and various kinds of symmetry, order and periodic behaviour. |sign=Ladyman, Lambert & Weisner|source=[https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-complex-system/ What is a complex system?]}}<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/introduction-to-complexity-what-are-complex-systems/ Introduction to Complexity: What are Complex Systems?] (Video)<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/an-introduction-to-complex-systems-science-and-its-applications/ An Introduction to Complex Systems Science and its Applications]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/what-is-a-complex-system/ Ladyman, Lambert & Weisner: What is a Complex System?]<br />
* [https://realkm.com/go/universal-resilience-patterns-in-complex-networks/ Universal resilience patterns in complex networks]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek Friedrich Hayek]<br />
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow Kenneth Arrow]<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Core Concepts]] [[Category:Systems and Complexity]]</div>Coordinatorhttps://openkm.realkm.com/index.php?title=Topic:Change_Management&diff=94Topic:Change Management2021-03-30T09:32:36Z<p>Coordinator: 2 revisions imported</p>
<hr />
<div>== Context ==<br />
This topic forms part of the Business Processes area of study. People who are competent in the topic can apply their knowledge to the optimisation of operational business processes using standard <br />
<br />
== Competencies ==<br />
Expected competencies after study of this topic are:<br />
* topic 1<br />
* topic 2<br />
* ..<br />
<br />
== Primers ==<br />
* [http://realkm.com/go/abc Link to primer 1]<br />
* [http://realkm.com/go/abc Link to primer 2]<br />
<br />
== Further Reading ==<br />
* [https://www.kotterinc.com/8-steps-process-for-leading-change/ 8 step process for leading change]<br />
<br />
== Subject matter experts ==<br />
* John Kotter<br />
<br />
<br />
== Education providers teaching this topic ==<br />
<br />
<br />
== FAQ ==<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:_THEME_NAME_]]</div>Coordinator